function Canvas.arrow(sx, sy, ex, ey, body_length=0.8, body_width=0.5, head_width=30, **style_args)

Draws an arrow. An arrow is a polygon consisting of 7 vertices, with an arrowhead pointing at (ex, ey).

Arguments:

• sx -- The X coordinate of the arrow's base.
  • Type: int
• sy -- The Y coordinate of the arrow's base.
  • Type: int
• ex -- The X coordinate of the arrow's tip.
  • Type: int
• ey -- The Y coordinate of the arrow's tip..
  • Type: int

Keywords:

• body_length -- Proportional length of the arrow body relative to the full arrow [0-1].
  • Type: float
  • Default: 0.8
• body_width -- Proportional width (thickness) of the arrow body relative to the full arrow [0-1].
  • Type: float
  • Default: 0.5
• head_width -- Width (thickness) of the arrow head in pixels.
  • Type: float
  • Default: 30

Keyword dict:

• **style_args: No description.

function Canvas.circle(x, y, r, **style_args)

Draws a circle.

Example:

my_canvas = Canvas()
# Function interface
my_canvas.circle(100, 100, 50, fill=True, color='red')
# Element interface
my_canvas['my_circle'] = Circle(100, 100, 50, fill=True, color='red')

Arguments:

• x -- The center X coordinate of the circle.
  • Type: int
• y -- The center Y coordinate of the circle.
  • Type: int
• r -- The radius of the circle.
  • Type: int

Keyword dict:

• **style_args: Optional [style keywords] that specify the style of the current drawing operation. This does not affect subsequent drawing operations.

function Canvas.clear(**style_args)

Clears the canvas with the current background color. Note that it is generally faster to use a different canvas for each experimental display than to use a single canvas and repeatedly clear and redraw it.

Example:

my_canvas = Canvas()
my_canvas.fixdot(color='green')
my_canvas.show()
sleep(1000)
my_canvas.clear()
my_canvas.fixdot(color='red')
my_canvas.show()

Keyword dict:

• **style_args: Optional [style keywords] that specify the style of the current drawing operation. This does not affect subsequent drawing operations.

function Canvas.copy(canvas)

Turns the current Canvas into a copy of the passed Canvas.

Note:

If you want to create a copy of a sketchpad Canvas, you can also use the inline_script.copy_sketchpad function.

Example:

my_canvas = Canvas()
my_canvas.fixdot(x=100, color='green')
my_copied_canvas = Canvas()
my_copied_canvas.copy(my_canvas)
my_copied_canvas.fixdot(x=200, color="blue")
my_copied_canvas.show()

Arguments:

• canvas -- The Canvas to copy.
  • Type: canvas

function Canvas.elements_at(x, y)

New in v3.2.0

Gets the names of elements that contain a particular x, y coordinate.

Example:

# Create and show a canvas with two partly overlapping rectangles
my_canvas = Canvas()
my_canvas['right_rect'] = Rect(x=-200, y=-100, w=200, h=200, color='red')
my_canvas['left_rect'] = Rect(x=-100, y=-100, w=200, h=200, color='green')
my_canvas.show()
# Collect a mouse click and print the names of the elements that
# contain the clicked point
my_mouse = Mouse(visible=True)
button, pos, time = my_mouse.get_click()
if pos is not None:
    x, y = pos
    print('Clicked on elements: %s' % my_canvas.elements_at(x, y))

Arguments:

• x -- An X coordinate.
  • Type: int, float
• y -- A Y coordinate.
  • Type: int, float

Returns:

A list of element names that contain the coordinate x, y.

• Type: list

function Canvas.ellipse(x, y, w, h, **style_args)

Draws an ellipse.

Example:

my_canvas = Canvas()
# Function interface
my_canvas.ellipse(-10, -10, 20, 20, fill=True)
# Element interface
my_canvas['my_ellipse'] = Ellipse(-10, -10, 20, 20, fill=True)

Arguments:

• x -- The left X coordinate.
  • Type: int
• y -- The top Y coordinate.
  • Type: int
• w -- The width.
  • Type: int
• h -- The height.
  • Type: int

Keyword dict:

• **style_args: Optional [style keywords] that specify the style of the current drawing operation. This does not affect subsequent drawing operations.

function Canvas.fixdot(x=None, y=None, style=u'default', **style_args)

Draws a fixation dot. The default style is medium-open.

• 'large-filled' is a filled circle with a 16px radius.
• 'medium-filled' is a filled circle with an 8px radius.
• 'small-filled' is a filled circle with a 4px radius.
• 'large-open' is a filled circle with a 16px radius and a 2px hole.
• 'medium-open' is a filled circle with an 8px radius and a 2px hole.
• 'small-open' is a filled circle with a 4px radius and a 2px hole.
• 'large-cross' is 16px cross.
• 'medium-cross' is an 8px cross.
• 'small-cross' is a 4px cross.

Example:

my_canvas = Canvas()
# Function interface
my_canvas.fixdot()
# Element interface
my_canvas['my_fixdot'] = FixDot()

Keywords:

• x -- The X coordinate of the dot center, or None to draw a horizontally centered dot.
  • Type: int, NoneType
  • Default: None
• y -- The Y coordinate of the dot center, or None to draw a vertically centered dot.
  • Type: int, NoneType
  • Default: None
• style -- The fixation-dot style. One of: default, large-filled, medium-filled, small-filled, large-open, medium-open, small-open, large-cross, medium-cross, or small-cross. default equals medium-open.
  • Type: str, unicode
  • Default: 'default'

Keyword dict:

• **style_args: Optional [style keywords] that specify the style of the current drawing operation. This does not affect subsequent drawing operations.

function Canvas.gabor(x, y, orient, freq, env=u'gaussian', size=96, stdev=12, phase=0, col1=u'white', col2=u'black', bgmode=u'avg')

Draws a Gabor patch. Note: The exact rendering of the Gabor patch depends on the back-end.

Example:

my_canvas = Canvas()
# Function interface
my_canvas.gabor(100, 100, 45, .05)
# Element interface
my_canvas['my_gabor'] = Gabor(100, 100, 45, .05)

Arguments:

• x -- The center X coordinate.
  • Type: int
• y -- The center Y coordinate.
  • Type: int
• orient -- Orientation in degrees [0 .. 360]. This refers to a clockwise rotation from a vertical.

Version note: In version 3.2.6 and earlier, the orientation was counterclockwise for the legacy and xpyriment backends, and clockwise for the psycho backends. As of 3.2.7, the orientation is clockwise for all backends. - Type: float, int - freq -- Frequency in cycles/px of the sinusoid. - Type: float, int

Keywords:

• env -- The envelope that determines the shape of the patch. Can be "gaussian", "linear", "circular", or "rectangular".
  • Type: str, unicode
  • Default: 'gaussian'
• size -- A size in pixels.
  • Type: float, int
  • Default: 96
• stdev -- Standard deviation in pixels of the gaussian. Only applicable to gaussian envelopes.
  • Type: float, int
  • Default: 12
• phase -- Phase of the sinusoid [0.0 .. 1.0].
  • Type: float, int
  • Default: 0
• col1 -- A color for the peaks.
  • Type: str, unicode
  • Default: 'white'
• col2 -- A color for the troughs. Note: The psycho back-end ignores this parameter and always uses the inverse of col1 for the throughs.
  • Type: str, unicode
  • Default: 'black'
• bgmode -- Specifies whether the background is the average of col1 col2 ('avg', corresponding to a typical Gabor patch), or equal to col2 ('col2'), useful for blending into the background. Note: this parameter is ignored by the psycho backend, which uses increasing transparency for the background.
  • Type: str, unicode
  • Default: 'avg'

function Canvas.image(fname, center=True, x=None, y=None, scale=None, rotation=None)

Draws an image from file. This function does not look in the file pool, but takes an absolute path.

Example:

my_canvas = Canvas()
# Determine the absolute path:
path = exp.pool[u'image_in_pool.png']
# Function interface
my_canvas.image(path)
# Element interface
my_canvas['my_image'] = Image(path)

Arguments:

• fname -- The filename of the image. When using Python 2, this should be either unicode or a utf-8-encoded str. When using Python 3, this should be either str or a utf-8-encoded bytes.
  • Type: str, unicode

Keywords:

• center -- A bool indicating whether coordinates indicate the center (True) or top-left (False).
  • Type: bool
  • Default: True
• x -- The X coordinate, or None to draw a horizontally centered image.
  • Type: int, NoneType
  • Default: None
• y -- The Y coordinate, or None to draw a vertically centered image.
  • Type: int, NoneType
  • Default: None
• scale -- The scaling factor of the image. None or 1 indicate the original size. 2.0 indicates a 200% zoom, etc.
  • Type: float, int, NoneType
  • Default: None
• rotation -- The rotation of the image None or 0 indicate the original rotation. Positive values indicate a clockwise rotation in degrees.
  • Type: float, int, NoneType
  • Default: None

function Canvas.line(sx, sy, ex, ey, **style_args)

Draws a line.

Arguments:

• sx -- The left X coordinate.
  • Type: int
• sy -- The top Y coordinate.
  • Type: int
• ex -- The right X coordinate.
  • Type: int
• ey -- The bottom Y coordinate.
  • Type: int

Keyword dict:

• **style_args: Optional [style keywords] that specify the style of the current drawing operation. This does not affect subsequent drawing operations.

function Canvas.lower_to_bottom(element)

Lowers an element to the bottom, so that it is drawn first; that is, it becomes the background.

Arguments:

• element -- A sketchpad element, or its name.
  • Type: Element, str

function Canvas.noise_patch(x, y, env=u'gaussian', size=96, stdev=12, col1=u'white', col2=u'black', bgmode=u'avg')

Draws a patch of noise, with an envelope. The exact rendering of the noise patch depends on the back-end.

Example:

my_canvas = Canvas()
# Function interface
my_canvas.noise_patch(100, 100, env='circular')
# Element interface
my_canvas['my_noise_patch'] = NoisePatch(100, 100, env='circular')

Arguments:

• x -- The center X coordinate.
  • Type: int
• y -- The center Y coordinate.
  • Type: int

Keywords:

• env -- The envelope that determines the shape of the patch. Can be "gaussian", "linear", "circular", or "rectangular".
  • Type: str, unicode
  • Default: 'gaussian'
• size -- A size in pixels.
  • Type: float, int
  • Default: 96
• stdev -- Standard deviation in pixels of the gaussian. Only applicable to gaussian envelopes.
  • Type: float, int
  • Default: 12
• col1 -- The first color.
  • Type: str, unicode
  • Default: 'white'
• col2 -- The second color. Note: The psycho back-end ignores this parameter and always uses the inverse of col1.
  • Type: str, unicode
  • Default: 'black'
• bgmode -- Specifies whether the background is the average of col1 col2 ('avg', corresponding to a typical Gabor patch), or equal to col2 ('col2'), useful for blending into the background. Note: this parameter is ignored by the psycho backend, which uses increasing transparency for the background.
  • Type: str, unicode
  • Default: 'avg'

function Canvas.polygon(vertices, **style_args)

Draws a polygon that defined by a list of vertices. I.e. a shape of points connected by lines.

Example:

my_canvas = Canvas()
n1 = 0,0
n2 = 100, 100
n3 = 0, 100
# Function interface
my_canvas.polygon([n1, n2, n3])
# Element interface
my_canvas['my_polygon'] = Polygon([n1, n2, n3])

Arguments:

• vertices -- A list of tuples, where each tuple corresponds to a vertex. For example, [(100,100), (200,100), (100,200)] will draw a triangle.
  • Type: list

Keyword dict:

• **style_args: Optional [style keywords] that specify the style of the current drawing operation. This does not affect subsequent drawing operations.

function Canvas.raise_to_top(element)

Raises an element to the top, so that it is drawn last; that is, it becomes the foreground.

Arguments:

• element -- A sketchpad element, or its name.
  • Type: Element, str

function Canvas.rect(x, y, w, h, **style_args)

Draws a rectangle.

Example:

my_canvas = Canvas()
# Function interface
my_canvas.rect(-10, -10, 20, 20, fill=True)
# Element interface
my_canvas['my_rect'] = Rect(-10, -10, 20, 20, fill=True)

Arguments:

• x -- The left X coordinate.
  • Type: int
• y -- The top Y coordinate.
  • Type: int
• w -- The width.
  • Type: int
• h -- The height.
  • Type: int

Keyword dict:

• **style_args: Optional [style keywords] that specify the style of the current drawing operation. This does not affect subsequent drawing operations.

function Canvas.show()

Shows, or 'flips', the canvas on the screen.

Example:

my_canvas = Canvas()
my_canvas.fixdot()
t = my_canvas.show()
exp.set('time_fixdot', t)

Returns:

A timestamp of the time at which the canvas actually appeared on the screen, or a best guess if precise temporal information is not available. For more information about timing, see . Depending on the back-end the timestamp is an int or a float.

• Type: int, float

function Canvas.text(text, center=True, x=None, y=None, max_width=None, **style_args)

Draws text.

Example:

my_canvas = Canvas()
# Function interface
my_canvas.text('Some text with <b>boldface</b> and <i>italics</i>')
# Element interface
my_canvas['my_text'] = Text('Some text with <b>boldface</b> and <i>italics</i>')

Arguments:

• text -- A string of text. When using Python 2, this should be either unicode or a utf-8-encoded str. When using Python 3, this should be either str or a utf-8-encoded bytes.
  • Type: str, unicode

Keywords:

• center -- A bool indicating whether the coordinates reflect the center (True) or top-left (False) of the text.
  • Type: bool
  • Default: True
• x -- The X coordinate, or None to draw horizontally centered text.
  • Type: int, NoneType
  • Default: None
• y -- The Y coordinate, or None to draw vertically centered text.
  • Type: int, NoneType
  • Default: None
• max_width -- The maximum width of the text in pixels, before wrapping to a new line, or None to wrap at screen edge.
  • Type: int, NoneType
  • Default: None

Keyword dict:

• **style_args: Optional [style keywords] that specify the style of the current drawing operation. This does not affect subsequent drawing operations.

function Canvas.text_size(text, center=True, max_width=None, **style_args)

Determines the size of a text string in pixels.

Example:

my_canvas = Canvas()
w, h = my_canvas.text_size('Some text')

Arguments:

• text -- A string of text.
  • Type: str, unicode

Keywords:

• center -- A bool indicating whether the coordinates reflect the center (True) or top-left (False) of the text.
  • Type: bool
  • Default: True
• max_width -- The maximum width of the text in pixels, before wrapping to a new line, or None to wrap at screen edge.
  • Type: int, NoneType
  • Default: None

Keyword dict:

• **style_args: Optional [style keywords] that specify the style of the current drawing operation. This does not affect subsequent drawing operations.

Returns:

A (width, height) tuple containing the dimensions of the text string.

• Type: tuple